National Security Problem In Japan: The PKK Example

Abstract

The national security paradigm in Japan has historically evolved under the influence of both domestic crises and global security dynamics. In particular, the 1995 sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway by the Aum Shinrikyo cult significantly heightened public sensitivity to terrorism and brought counterterrorism policies to the forefront of the national security agenda. In this context, Japan has adopted a precautionary security approach not only toward organizations posing direct threats but also toward groups and communities with potential links to such entities. In recent years, the growing visibility of the Kurdish population in Japan—especially in areas such as Kawaguchi in Saitama Prefecture—has emerged as a focal point of concern. Isolated criminal incidents involving Kurdish individuals, frequent public complaints related to noise, improper waste disposal, or group gatherings, and perceived challenges to public order have contributed to the formation of negative stereotypes about this community. More significantly, what has drawn the attention of Japanese security authorities are reports indicating that certain members of the Kurdish community have been involved in fundraising, propaganda dissemination, or organizing events in support of the PKK, which is recognized internationally as a terrorist organization. Such activities have reignited public discourse on foreign nationals allegedly supporting terrorism within Japan. Moreover, cultural events claimed to be held under the pretext of community engagement have been criticized for conflicting with Japanese social norms and values, thereby raising concerns over potential radicalization. Additional contributing factors to increased scrutiny include perceived indifference toward law enforcement, noncompliance with civic norms, and a tendency toward collective action, which are viewed by some segments of society as disruptive to public order. This study aims to examine the scope of PKK-related activities in Japan, the Kurdish community’s stance toward the organization, and the policies Japan has formulated in response to perceived security threats associated with the PKK.